32 Concurrency support library [thread]

32.5 Atomic operations [atomics]

32.5.4 Order and consistency [atomics.order]

namespace std { enum class memory_order : unspecified { relaxed, consume, acquire, release, acq_rel, seq_cst }; }

The enumeration memory_order specifies the detailed regular (non-atomic) memory synchronization order as defined in [intro.multithread] and may provide for operation ordering.

Its enumerated values and their meanings are as follows:

(1.1)
memory_order::relaxed: no operation orders memory.
(1.2)
memory_order::release, memory_order::acq_rel, and memory_order::seq_cst: a store operation performs a release operation on the affected memory location.
(1.3)
memory_order::consume: a load operation performs a consume operation on the affected memory location.

[Note 1:
Prefer memory_order::acquire, which provides stronger guarantees than memory_order::consume.

Implementations have found it infeasible to provide performance better than that of memory_order::acquire.

Specification revisions are under consideration.
— end note]
(1.4)
memory_order::acquire, memory_order::acq_rel, and memory_order::seq_cst: a load operation performs an acquire operation on the affected memory location.

[Note 2:

Atomic operations specifying memory_order::relaxed are relaxed with respect to memory ordering.

Implementations must still guarantee that any given atomic access to a particular atomic object be indivisible with respect to all other atomic accesses to that object.

— end note]

An atomic operation A that performs a release operation on an atomic object M synchronizes with an atomic operation B that performs an acquire operation on M and takes its value from any side effect in the release sequence headed by A.

An atomic operation A on some atomic object M is coherence-ordered before another atomic operation B on M if

(3.1)
A is a modification, and B reads the value stored by A, or
(3.2)
A precedes B in the modification order of M, or
(3.3)
A and B are not the same atomic read-modify-write operation, and there exists an atomic modification X of M such that A reads the value stored by X and X precedes B in the modification order of M, or
(3.4)
there exists an atomic modification X of M such that A is coherence-ordered before X and X is coherence-ordered before B.

There is a single total order S on all memory_order::seq_cst operations, including fences, that satisfies the following constraints.

First, if A and B are memory_order::seq_cst operations and A strongly happens before B, then A precedes B in S.

Second, for every pair of atomic operations A and B on an object M, where A is coherence-ordered before B, the following four conditions are required to be satisfied by S:

(4.1)
if A and B are both memory_order::seq_cst operations, then A precedes B in S; and
(4.2)
if A is a memory_order::seq_cst operation and B happens before a memory_order::seq_cst fence Y, then A precedes Y in S; and
(4.3)
if a memory_order::seq_cst fence X happens before A and B is a memory_order::seq_cst operation, then X precedes B in S; and
(4.4)
if a memory_order::seq_cst fence X happens before A and B happens before a memory_order::seq_cst fence Y, then X precedes Y in S.

[Note 3:

This definition ensures that S is consistent with the modification order of any atomic object M.

It also ensures that a memory_order::seq_cst load A of M gets its value either from the last modification of M that precedes A in S or from some non-memory_order::seq_cst modification of M that does not happen before any modification of M that precedes A in S.

— end note]

[Note 4:

We do not require that S be consistent with “happens before” ([intro.races]).

This allows more efficient implementation of memory_order::acquire and memory_order::release on some machine architectures.

It can produce surprising results when these are mixed with memory_order::seq_cst accesses.

— end note]

[Note 5:

memory_order::seq_cst ensures sequential consistency only for a program that is free of data races and uses exclusively memory_order::seq_cst atomic operations.

Any use of weaker ordering will invalidate this guarantee unless extreme care is used.

In many cases, memory_order::seq_cst atomic operations are reorderable with respect to other atomic operations performed by the same thread.

— end note]

Implementations should ensure that no “out-of-thin-air” values are computed that circularly depend on their own computation.

[Note 6:

For example, with x and y initially zero, // Thread 1: r1 = y.load(memory_order::relaxed); x.store(r1, memory_order::relaxed);

// Thread 2: r2 = x.load(memory_order::relaxed); y.store(r2, memory_order::relaxed); this recommendation discourages producing r1 == r2 == 42, since the store of 42 to y is only possible if the store to x stores 42, which circularly depends on the store to y storing 42.

Note that without this restriction, such an execution is possible.

— end note]

[Note 7:

The recommendation similarly disallows r1 == r2 == 42 in the following example, with x and y again initially zero:

// Thread 1: r1 = x.load(memory_order::relaxed); if (r1 == 42) y.store(42, memory_order::relaxed);

// Thread 2: r2 = y.load(memory_order::relaxed); if (r2 == 42) x.store(42, memory_order::relaxed); — end note]

Atomic read-modify-write operations shall always read the last value (in the modification order) written before the write associated with the read-modify-write operation.

Recommended practice: The implementation should make atomic stores visible to atomic loads, and atomic loads should observe atomic stores, within a reasonable amount of time.

🔗

template<class T>
  T kill_dependency(T y) noexcept;

Effects: The argument does not carry a dependency to the return value ([intro.multithread]).

Returns: y.