[dcl.init.ref]

A variable whose declared type is “reference to T” ([dcl.ref]) shall be initialized.

[Example 1: int g(int) noexcept; void f() { int i; int& r = i; // r refers to i r = 1; // the value of i becomes 1 int* p = &r; // p points to i int& rr = r; // rr refers to what r refers to, that is, to i int (&rg)(int) = g; // rg refers to the function g rg(i); // calls function g int a[3]; int (&ra)[3] = a; // ra refers to the array a ra[1] = i; // modifies a[1] } — end example]

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A reference cannot be changed to refer to another object after initialization.

[Note 1:

Assignment to a reference assigns to the object referred to by the reference ([expr.ass]).

— end note]

Argument passing ([expr.call]) and function value return ([stmt.return]) are initializations.

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The initializer can be omitted for a reference only in a parameter declaration ([dcl.fct]), in the declaration of a function return type, in the declaration of a class member within its class definition ([class.mem]), and where the extern specifier is explicitly used.

[Example 2: int& r1; // error: initializer missing extern int& r2; // OK — end example]

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Given types “cv1 T1” and “cv2 T2”, “cv1 T1” is to “cv2 T2” if T1 is similar ([conv.qual]) to T2, or T1 is a base class of T2.

“cv1 T1” is reference-compatible with “cv2 T2” if a prvalue of type “pointer to cv2 T2” can be converted to the type “pointer to cv1 T1” via a standard conversion sequence ([conv]).

In all cases where the reference-compatible relationship of two types is used to establish the validity of a reference binding and the standard conversion sequence would be ill-formed, a program that necessitates such a binding is ill-formed.

5

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A reference to type “cv1 T1” is initialized by an expression of type “cv2 T2” as follows:

(5.1)
If the reference is an lvalue reference and the initializer expression
- (5.1.1)
  is an lvalue (but is not a bit-field), and “cv1 T1” is reference-compatible with “cv2 T2”, or
- (5.1.2)
  has a class type (i.e., T2 is a class type), where T1 is not reference-related to T2, and can be converted to an lvalue of type “cv3 T3”, where “cv1 T1” is reference-compatible with “cv3 T3”81 (this conversion is selected by enumerating the applicable conversion functions ([over.match.ref]) and choosing the best one through overload resolution),
then the reference binds to the initializer expression lvalue in the first case and to the lvalue result of the conversion in the second case (or, in either case, to the appropriate base class subobject of the object).
[Note 2:
The usual lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, and function-to-pointer standard conversions are not needed, and therefore are suppressed, when such direct bindings to lvalues are done.
— end note]
[Example 3: double d = 2.0; double& rd = d; // rd refers to d const double& rcd = d; // rcd refers to d struct A { }; struct B : A { operator int&(); } b; A& ra = b; // ra refers to A subobject in b const A& rca = b; // rca refers to A subobject in b int& ir = B(); // ir refers to the result of B::operator int& — end example]
(5.2)
Otherwise, if the reference is an lvalue reference to a type that is not const-qualified or is volatile-qualified, the program is ill-formed.

[Example 4: double& rd2 = 2.0; // error: not an lvalue and reference not const int i = 2; double& rd3 = i; // error: type mismatch and reference not const — end example]
(5.3)
Otherwise, if the initializer expression
- (5.3.1)
  is an rvalue (but not a bit-field) or an lvalue of function type and “cv1 T1” is reference-compatible with “cv2 T2”, or
- (5.3.2)
  has a class type (i.e., T2 is a class type), where T1 is not reference-related to T2, and can be converted to an rvalue of type “cv3 T3” or an lvalue of function type “cv3 T3”, where “cv1 T1” is reference-compatible with “cv3 T3” (see [over.match.ref]),
then the initializer expression in the first case and the converted expression in the second case is called the converted initializer.
If the converted initializer is a prvalue, let its type be denoted by T4; the temporary materialization conversion ([conv.rval]) is applied, considering the type of the prvalue to be “cv1 T4” ([conv.qual]).

In any case, the reference binds to the resulting glvalue (or to an appropriate base class subobject).
[Example 5: struct A { }; struct B : A { } b; extern B f(); const A& rca2 = f(); // binds to the A subobject of the B rvalue. A&& rra = f(); // same as above struct X { operator B(); operator int&(); } x; const A& r = x; // binds to the A subobject of the result of the conversion int i2 = 42; int&& rri = static_cast<int&&>(i2); // binds directly to i2 B&& rrb = x; // binds directly to the result of operator B constexpr int f() { const int &x = 42; const_cast<int &>(x) = 1; // undefined behavior return x; } constexpr int z = f(); // error: not a constant expression — end example]
(5.4)
Otherwise, T1 shall not be reference-related to T2.
- (5.4.1)
  If T1 or T2 is a class type, user-defined conversions are considered using the rules for copy-initialization of an object of type “cv1 T1” by user-defined conversion ([dcl.init], [over.match.copy], [over.match.conv]); the program is ill-formed if the corresponding non-reference copy-initialization would be ill-formed.
  
  The result of the call to the conversion function, as described for the non-reference copy-initialization, is then used to direct-initialize the reference.
  
  For this direct-initialization, user-defined conversions are not considered.
- (5.4.2)
  Otherwise, the initializer expression is implicitly converted to a prvalue of type “T1”.
  
  The temporary materialization conversion is applied, considering the type of the prvalue to be “cv1 T1”, and the reference is bound to the result.
[Example 6: struct Banana { }; struct Enigma { operator const Banana(); }; struct Alaska { operator Banana&(); }; void enigmatic() { typedef const Banana ConstBanana; Banana &&banana1 = ConstBanana(); // error Banana &&banana2 = Enigma(); // error Banana &&banana3 = Alaska(); // error } const double& rcd2 = 2; // rcd2 refers to temporary with type const double and value 2.0 double&& rrd = 2; // rrd refers to temporary with value 2.0 const volatile int cvi = 1; const int& r2 = cvi; // error: cv-qualifier dropped struct A { operator volatile int&(); } a; const int& r3 = a; // error: cv-qualifier dropped // from result of conversion function double d2 = 1.0; double&& rrd2 = d2; // error: initializer is lvalue of reference-related type struct X { operator int&(); }; int&& rri2 = X(); // error: result of conversion function is // lvalue of reference-related type int i3 = 2; double&& rrd3 = i3; // rrd3 refers to temporary with value 2.0 — end example]

In all cases except the last (i.e., implicitly converting the initializer expression to the referenced type), the reference is said to bind directly to the initializer expression.

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[Note 3:

[class.temporary] describes the lifetime of temporaries bound to references.

— end note]

9 Declarations [dcl.dcl]

9.4 Initializers [dcl.init]

9.4.4 References [dcl.init.ref]