31 Input/output library [input.output]

31.8 String-based streams [string.streams]

31.8.2 Class template basic_stringbuf [stringbuf]

31.8.2.1 General [stringbuf.general]

namespace std { template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT>> class basic_stringbuf : public basic_streambuf<charT, traits> { public: using char_type = charT; using int_type = typename traits::int_type; using pos_type = typename traits::pos_type; using off_type = typename traits::off_type; using traits_type = traits; using allocator_type = Allocator; // [stringbuf.cons], constructors basic_stringbuf() : basic_stringbuf(ios_base::in | ios_base::out) {} explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which); explicit basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); explicit basic_stringbuf(const Allocator& a) : basic_stringbuf(ios_base::in | ios_base::out, a) {} basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a); explicit basic_stringbuf( basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); template<class SAlloc> basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, const Allocator& a) : basic_stringbuf(s, ios_base::in | ios_base::out, a) {} template<class SAlloc> basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a); template<class SAlloc> explicit basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); template<class T> explicit basic_stringbuf(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); template<class T> basic_stringbuf(const T& t, const Allocator& a); template<class T> basic_stringbuf(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a); basic_stringbuf(const basic_stringbuf&) = delete; basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs); basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs, const Allocator& a); // [stringbuf.assign], assignment and swap basic_stringbuf& operator=(const basic_stringbuf&) = delete; basic_stringbuf& operator=(basic_stringbuf&& rhs); void swap(basic_stringbuf& rhs) noexcept(see below); // [stringbuf.members], getters and setters allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept; basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() const &; template<class SAlloc> basic_string<charT,traits,SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const; basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() &&; basic_string_view<charT, traits> view() const noexcept; void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s); template<class SAlloc> void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s); void str(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s); template<class T> void str(const T& t); protected: // [stringbuf.virtuals], overridden virtual functions int_type underflow() override; int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits::eof()) override; int_type overflow (int_type c = traits::eof()) override; basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* setbuf(charT*, streamsize) override; pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override; pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override; private: ios_base::openmode mode; // exposition only basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> buf; // exposition only void init_buf_ptrs(); // exposition only }; }
The class basic_stringbuf is derived from basic_streambuf to associate possibly the input sequence and possibly the output sequence with a sequence of arbitrary characters.
The sequence can be initialized from, or made available as, an object of class basic_string.
For the sake of exposition, the maintained data and internal pointer initialization is presented here as:
  • ios_base​::​openmode mode, has in set if the input sequence can be read, and out set if the output sequence can be written.
  • basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> buf contains the underlying character sequence.
  • init_buf_ptrs() sets the base class' get area ([streambuf.get.area]) and put area ([streambuf.put.area]) pointers after initializing, moving from, or assigning to buf accordingly.

31.8.2.2 Constructors [stringbuf.cons]

explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which);
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), and mode with which.
It is implementation-defined whether the sequence pointers (eback(), gptr(), egptr(), pbase(), pptr(), epptr()) are initialized to null pointers.
Postconditions: str().empty() is true.
explicit basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with s, then calls init_buf_ptrs().
basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with a, then calls init_buf_ptrs().
Postconditions: str().empty() is true.
explicit basic_stringbuf( basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with std​::​move(s), then calls init_buf_ptrs().
template<class SAlloc> basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with {s,a}, then calls init_buf_ptrs().
template<class SAlloc> explicit basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
Constraints: is_same_v<SAlloc, Allocator> is false.
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with s, then calls init_buf_ptrs().
template<class T> explicit basic_stringbuf(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); template<class T> basic_stringbuf(const T& t, const Allocator& a); template<class T> basic_stringbuf(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
Let which be ios_base​::​in | ios_base​::​out for the overload with no parameter which, and a be Allocator() for the overload with no parameter a.
Constraints: is_convertible_v<const T&, basic_string_view<charT, traits>> is true.
Effects: Creates a variable sv as if by basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv = t, then value-initializes the base class, initializes mode with which, and direct-non-list-initializes buf with sv, a, then calls init_buf_ptrs().
basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs); basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs, const Allocator& a);
Effects: Copy constructs the base class from rhs and initializes mode with rhs.mode.
In the first form buf is initialized from std​::​move(rhs).str().
In the second form buf is initialized from {std​::​move(rhs).str(), a}.
It is implementation-defined whether the sequence pointers in *this (eback(), gptr(), egptr(), pbase(), pptr(), epptr()) obtain the values which rhs had.
Postconditions: Let rhs_p refer to the state of rhs just prior to this construction and let rhs_a refer to the state of rhs just after this construction.
  • str() == rhs_p.str()
  • gptr() - eback() == rhs_p.gptr() - rhs_p.eback()
  • egptr() - eback() == rhs_p.egptr() - rhs_p.eback()
  • pptr() - pbase() == rhs_p.pptr() - rhs_p.pbase()
  • epptr() - pbase() == rhs_p.epptr() - rhs_p.pbase()
  • if (eback()) eback() != rhs_a.eback()
  • if (gptr()) gptr() != rhs_a.gptr()
  • if (egptr()) egptr() != rhs_a.egptr()
  • if (pbase()) pbase() != rhs_a.pbase()
  • if (pptr()) pptr() != rhs_a.pptr()
  • if (epptr()) epptr() != rhs_a.epptr()
  • getloc() == rhs_p.getloc()
  • rhs is empty but usable, as if std​::​move(rhs).str() was called.

31.8.2.3 Assignment and swap [stringbuf.assign]

basic_stringbuf& operator=(basic_stringbuf&& rhs);
Effects: After the move assignment *this has the observable state it would have had if it had been move constructed from rhs (see [stringbuf.cons]).
Returns: *this.
void swap(basic_stringbuf& rhs) noexcept(see below);
Preconditions: allocator_traits<Allocator>​::​propagate_on_container_swap​::​value is true or get_allocator() == rhs.get_allocator() is true.
Effects: Exchanges the state of *this and rhs.
Remarks: The exception specification is equivalent to:
allocator_traits<Allocator>​::​propagate_on_container_swap​::​value ||
allocator_traits<Allocator>​::​is_always_equal​::​value
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> void swap(basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& x, basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
Effects: Equivalent to x.swap(y).

31.8.2.4 Member functions [stringbuf.members]

The member functions getting the underlying character sequence all refer to a high_mark value, where high_mark represents the position one past the highest initialized character in the buffer.
Characters can be initialized by writing to the stream, by constructing the basic_stringbuf passing a basic_string argument, or by calling one of the str member functions passing a basic_string as an argument.
In the latter case, all characters initialized prior to the call are now considered uninitialized (except for those characters re-initialized by the new basic_string).
void init_buf_ptrs(); // exposition only
Effects: Initializes the input and output sequences from buf according to mode.
Postconditions:
  • If ios_base​::​out is set in mode, pbase() points to buf.front() and epptr() >= pbase() + buf.size() is true;
    • in addition, if ios_base​::​ate is set in mode, pptr() == pbase() + buf.size() is true,
    • otherwise pptr() == pbase() is true.
  • If ios_base​::​in is set in mode, eback() points to buf.front(), and (gptr() == eback() && egptr() == eback() + buf.size()) is true.
[Note 1: 
For efficiency reasons, stream buffer operations can violate invariants of buf while it is held encapsulated in the basic_stringbuf, e.g., by writing to characters in the range [buf.data() + buf.size(), buf.data() + buf.capacity()).
All operations retrieving a basic_string from buf ensure that the basic_string invariants hold on the returned value.
— end note]
allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
Returns: buf.get_allocator().
basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() const &;
Effects: Equivalent to: return basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>(view(), get_allocator());
template<class SAlloc> basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const;
Constraints: SAlloc is a type that qualifies as an allocator ([container.reqmts]).
Effects: Equivalent to: return basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>(view(), sa);
basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() &&;
Postconditions: The underlying character sequence buf is empty and pbase(), pptr(), epptr(), eback(), gptr(), and egptr() are initialized as if by calling init_buf_ptrs() with an empty buf.
Returns: A basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> object move constructed from the basic_stringbuf's underlying character sequence in buf.
This can be achieved by first adjusting buf to have the same content as view().
basic_string_view<charT, traits> view() const noexcept;
Let sv be basic_string_view<charT, traits>.
Returns: A sv object referring to the basic_stringbuf's underlying character sequence in buf:
  • If ios_base​::​out is set in mode, then sv(pbase(), high_mark-pbase()) is returned.
  • Otherwise, if ios_base​::​in is set in mode, then sv(eback(), egptr()-eback()) is returned.
  • Otherwise, sv() is returned.
[Note 2: 
Using the returned sv object after destruction or invalidation of the character sequence underlying *this is undefined behavior, unless sv.empty() is true.
— end note]
void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s);
Effects: Equivalent to: buf = s; init_buf_ptrs();
template<class SAlloc> void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s);
Constraints: is_same_v<SAlloc,Allocator> is false.
Effects: Equivalent to: buf = s; init_buf_ptrs();
void str(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s);
Effects: Equivalent to: buf = std::move(s); init_buf_ptrs();
template<class T> void str(const T& t);
Constraints: is_convertible_v<const T&, basic_string_view<charT, traits>> is true.
Effects: Equivalent to: basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv = t; buf = sv; init_buf_ptrs();

31.8.2.5 Overridden virtual functions [stringbuf.virtuals]

int_type underflow() override;
Returns: If the input sequence has a read position available, returns traits​::​to_int_type(*gptr()).
Otherwise, returns traits​::​eof().
Any character in the underlying buffer which has been initialized is considered to be part of the input sequence.
int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits::eof()) override;
Effects: Puts back the character designated by c to the input sequence, if possible, in one of three ways:
  • If traits​::​eq_int_type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns false and if the input sequence has a putback position available, and if traits​::​eq(to_char_type(c), gptr()[-1]) returns true, assigns gptr() - 1 to gptr().
    Returns: c.
  • If traits​::​eq_int_type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns false and if the input sequence has a putback position available, and if mode & ios_base​::​out is nonzero, assigns c to *--gptr().
    Returns: c.
  • If traits​::​eq_int_type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns true and if the input sequence has a putback position available, assigns gptr() - 1 to gptr().
    Returns: traits​::​not_eof(c).
Returns: As specified above, or traits​::​eof() to indicate failure.
Remarks: If the function can succeed in more than one of these ways, it is unspecified which way is chosen.
int_type overflow(int_type c = traits::eof()) override;
Effects: Appends the character designated by c to the output sequence, if possible, in one of two ways:
  • If traits​::​eq_int_type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns false and if either the output sequence has a write position available or the function makes a write position available (as described below), the function calls sputc(c).
    Signals success by returning c.
  • If traits​::​eq_int_type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns true, there is no character to append.
    Signals success by returning a value other than traits​::​eof().
Returns: As specified above, or traits​::​eof() to indicate failure.
Remarks: The function can alter the number of write positions available as a result of any call.
The function can make a write position available only if ios_base​::​out is set in mode.
To make a write position available, the function reallocates (or initially allocates) an array object with a sufficient number of elements to hold the current array object (if any), plus at least one additional write position.
If ios_base​::​in is set in mode, the function alters the read end pointer egptr() to point just past the new write position.
pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
Effects: Alters the stream position within one of the controlled sequences, if possible, as indicated in Table 126.
Table 126: seekoff positioning [tab:stringbuf.seekoff.pos]
Conditions
Result
ios_base​::​in is set in which
positions the input sequence
ios_base​::​out is set in which
positions the output sequence
both ios_base​::​in and ios_base​::​out are set in which and either
way == ios_base​::​beg or
way == ios_base​::​end
positions both the input and the output sequences
Otherwise
the positioning operation fails.
For a sequence to be positioned, the function determines newoff as indicated in Table 127.
If the sequence's next pointer (either gptr() or pptr()) is a null pointer and newoff is nonzero, the positioning operation fails.
Table 127: newoff values [tab:stringbuf.seekoff.newoff]
Condition
newoff Value
way == ios_base​::​beg
0
way == ios_base​::​cur
the next pointer minus the beginning pointer (xnext - xbeg).
way == ios_base​::​end
the high mark pointer minus the beginning pointer (high_mark - xbeg).
If (newoff + off) < 0, or if newoff + off refers to an uninitialized character ([stringbuf.members]), the positioning operation fails.
Otherwise, the function assigns xbeg + newoff + off to the next pointer xnext.
Returns: pos_type(newoff), constructed from the resultant offset newoff (of type off_type), that stores the resultant stream position, if possible.
If the positioning operation fails, or if the constructed object cannot represent the resultant stream position, the return value is pos_type(off_type(-1)).
pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
Effects: Equivalent to seekoff(off_type(sp), ios_base​::​beg, which).
Returns: sp to indicate success, or pos_type(off_type(-1)) to indicate failure.
basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* setbuf(charT* s, streamsize n) override;
Effects: implementation-defined, except that setbuf(0, 0) has no effect.
Returns: this.