10 Modules [module]

10.4 Global module fragment [module.global.frag]

[Note 1: 
Prior to phase 4 of translation, only preprocessing directives can appear in the declaration-seq ([cpp.pre]).
— end note]
A global-module-fragment specifies the contents of the global module fragment for a module unit.
The global module fragment can be used to provide declarations that are attached to the global module and usable within the module unit.
A declaration D is decl-reachable from a declaration S in the same translation unit if
  • D does not declare a function or function template and S contains an id-expression, namespace-name, type-name, template-name, or concept-name naming D, or
  • D declares a function or function template that is named by an expression ([basic.def.odr]) appearing in S, or
  • S contains a dependent call E ([temp.dep]) and D is found by any name lookup performed for an expression synthesized from E by replacing each type-dependent argument or operand with a value of a placeholder type with no associated namespaces or entities, or
    [Note 2: 
    This includes the lookup for operator== performed when considering rewriting an != expression, the lookup for operator<=> performed when considering rewriting a relational comparison, and the lookup for operator!= when considering whether an operator== is a rewrite target.
    — end note]
  • S contains an expression that takes the address of an overload set ([over.over]) that contains D and for which the target type is dependent, or
  • there exists a declaration M that is not a namespace-definition for which M is decl-reachable from S and either
    • D is decl-reachable from M, or
    • D and M declare the same entity, and D neither is a friend declaration nor inhabits a block scope, or
    • D declares a namespace N and M is a member of N, or
    • one of D and M declares a class or class template C and the other declares a member or friend of C, or
    • one of D and M declares an enumeration E and the other declares an enumerator of E, or
    • D declares a function or variable and M is declared in D,87 or
    • one of D and M declares a template and the other declares a partial or explicit specialization or an implicit or explicit instantiation of that template, or
    • M declares a class template and D is a deduction guide for that template, or
    • one of D and M declares a class or enumeration type and the other introduces a typedef name for linkage purposes for that type.
In this determination, it is unspecified
A declaration D in a global module fragment of a module unit is discarded if D is not decl-reachable from any declaration in the declaration-seq of the translation-unit.
[Note 3: 
A discarded declaration is neither reachable nor visible to name lookup outside the module unit, nor in template instantiations whose points of instantiation ([temp.point]) are outside the module unit, even when the instantiation context ([module.context]) includes the module unit.
— end note]
[Example 1: const int size = 2; int ary1[size]; // unspecified whether size is decl-reachable from ary1 constexpr int identity(int x) { return x; } int ary2[identity(2)]; // unspecified whether identity is decl-reachable from ary2 template<typename> struct S; template<typename, int> struct S2; constexpr int g(int); template<typename T, int N> S<S2<T, g(N)>> f(); // S, S2, g, and ​::​ are decl-reachable from f template<int N> void h() noexcept(g(N) == N); // g and ​::​ are decl-reachable from h — end example]
[Example 2: 

Source file "foo.h":namespace N { struct X {}; int d(); int e(); inline int f(X, int = d()) { return e(); } int g(X); int h(X); }

Module M interface:module; #include "foo.h" export module M; template<typename T> int use_f() { N::X x; // N​::​X, N, and ​::​ are decl-reachable from use_f return f(x, 123); // N​::​f is decl-reachable from use_f, // N​::​e is indirectly decl-reachable from use_f // because it is decl-reachable from N​::​f, and // N​::​d is decl-reachable from use_f // because it is decl-reachable from N​::​f // even though it is not used in this call } template<typename T> int use_g() { N::X x; // N​::​X, N, and ​::​ are decl-reachable from use_g return g((T(), x)); // N​::​g is not decl-reachable from use_g } template<typename T> int use_h() { N::X x; // N​::​X, N, and ​::​ are decl-reachable from use_h return h((T(), x)); // N​::​h is not decl-reachable from use_h, but // N​::​h is decl-reachable from use_h<int> } int k = use_h<int>(); // use_h<int> is decl-reachable from k, so // N​::​h is decl-reachable from k

Module M implementation:module M; int a = use_f<int>(); // OK int b = use_g<int>(); // error: no viable function for call to g; // g is not decl-reachable from purview of // module M's interface, so is discarded int c = use_h<int>(); // OK — end example]

87)87)
A declaration can appear within a lambda-expression in the initializer of a variable.