25 Ranges library [ranges]

25.5 Range utilities [range.utility]

25.5.1 General [range.utility.general]

The components in [range.utility] are general utilities for representing and manipulating ranges.

25.5.2 Helper concepts [range.utility.helpers]

Many of the types in [range.utility] are specified in terms of the following exposition-only concepts: template<class R> concept simple-view = // exposition only view<R> && range<const R> && same_as<iterator_t<R>, iterator_t<const R>> && same_as<sentinel_t<R>, sentinel_t<const R>>; template<class I> concept has-arrow = // exposition only input_iterator && (is_pointer_v || requires(const I i) { i.operator->(); }); template<class T, class U> concept different-from = // exposition only !same_as<remove_cvref_t<T>, remove_cvref_t>; template<class R> concept range-with-movable-references = // exposition only input_range<R> && move_constructible<range_reference_t<R>> && move_constructible<range_rvalue_reference_t<R>>;

25.5.3 View interface [view.interface]

25.5.3.1 General [view.interface.general]

The class template view_interface is a helper for defining view-like types that offer a container-like interface.

It is parameterized with the type that is derived from it.

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namespace std::ranges { template<class D> requires is_class_v<D> && same_as<D, remove_cv_t<D>> class view_interface { private: constexpr D& derived() noexcept { // exposition only return static_cast<D&>(*this); } constexpr const D& derived() const noexcept { // exposition only return static_cast<const D&>(*this); } public: constexpr bool empty() requires sized_range<D> || forward_range<D> { if constexpr (sized_range<D>) return ranges::size(derived()) == 0; else return ranges::begin(derived()) == ranges::end(derived()); } constexpr bool empty() const requires sized_range<const D> || forward_range<const D> { if constexpr (sized_range<const D>) return ranges::size(derived()) == 0; else return ranges::begin(derived()) == ranges::end(derived()); } constexpr auto cbegin() requires input_range<D> { return ranges::cbegin(derived()); } constexpr auto cbegin() const requires input_range<const D> { return ranges::cbegin(derived()); } constexpr auto cend() requires input_range<D> { return ranges::cend(derived()); } constexpr auto cend() const requires input_range<const D> { return ranges::cend(derived()); } constexpr explicit operator bool() requires requires { ranges::empty(derived()); } { return !ranges::empty(derived()); } constexpr explicit operator bool() const requires requires { ranges::empty(derived()); } { return !ranges::empty(derived()); } constexpr auto data() requires contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<D>> { return to_address(ranges::begin(derived())); } constexpr auto data() const requires range<const D> && contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<const D>> { return to_address(ranges::begin(derived())); } constexpr auto size() requires forward_range<D> && sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<D>, iterator_t<D>> { return to-unsigned-like(ranges::end(derived()) - ranges::begin(derived())); } constexpr auto size() const requires forward_range<const D> && sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<const D>, iterator_t<const D>> { return to-unsigned-like(ranges::end(derived()) - ranges::begin(derived())); } constexpr decltype(auto) front() requires forward_range<D>; constexpr decltype(auto) front() const requires forward_range<const D>; constexpr decltype(auto) back() requires bidirectional_range<D> && common_range<D>; constexpr decltype(auto) back() const requires bidirectional_range<const D> && common_range<const D>; template<random_access_range R = D> constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](range_difference_t<R> n) { return ranges::begin(derived())[n]; } template<random_access_range R = const D> constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](range_difference_t<R> n) const { return ranges::begin(derived())[n]; } }; }

The template parameter D for view_interface may be an incomplete type.

Before any member of the resulting specialization of view_interface other than special member functions is referenced, D shall be complete, and model both derived_from<view_interface<D>> and view .

25.5.3.2 Members [view.interface.members]

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constexpr decltype(auto) front() requires forward_range<D>;
constexpr decltype(auto) front() const requires forward_range<const D>;

Preconditions: !empty() is true.

Effects: Equivalent to: return *ranges::begin(derived());

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constexpr decltype(auto) back() requires bidirectional_range<D> && common_range<D>;
constexpr decltype(auto) back() const
  requires bidirectional_range<const D> && common_range<const D>;

Preconditions: !empty() is true.

Effects: Equivalent to: return *ranges::prev(ranges::end(derived()));

25.5.4 Sub-ranges [range.subrange]

25.5.4.1 General [range.subrange.general]

The subrange class template combines together an iterator and a sentinel into a single object that models the view concept.

Additionally, it models the sized_range concept when the final template parameter is subrange_kind::sized.

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namespace std::ranges { template<class From, class To> concept uses-nonqualification-pointer-conversion = // exposition only is_pointer_v<From> && is_pointer_v<To> && !convertible_to<remove_pointer_t<From>(*)[], remove_pointer_t<To>(*)[]>; template<class From, class To> concept convertible-to-non-slicing = // exposition only convertible_to<From, To> && !uses-nonqualification-pointer-conversion<decay_t<From>, decay_t<To>>; template<class T, class U, class V> concept pair-like-convertible-from = // exposition only !range<T> && !is_reference_v<T> && pair-like<T> && constructible_from<T, U, V> && convertible-to-non-slicing<U, tuple_element_t<0, T>> && convertible_to<V, tuple_element_t<1, T>>; template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for S = I, subrange_kind K = sized_sentinel_for<S, I> ? subrange_kind::sized : subrange_kind::unsized> requires (K == subrange_kind::sized || !sized_sentinel_for<S, I>) class subrange : public view_interface<subrange<I, S, K>> { private: static constexpr bool StoreSize = // exposition only K == subrange_kind::sized && !sized_sentinel_for<S, I>; I begin_ = I(); // exposition only S end_ = S(); // exposition only make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t> size_ = 0; // exposition only; present only // if StoreSize is true public: subrange() requires default_initializable = default; constexpr subrange(convertible-to-non-slicing auto i, S s) requires (!StoreSize); constexpr subrange(convertible-to-non-slicing auto i, S s, make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t> n) requires (K == subrange_kind::sized); template<different-from<subrange> R> requires borrowed_range<R> && convertible-to-non-slicing<iterator_t<R>, I> && convertible_to<sentinel_t<R>, S> constexpr subrange(R&& r) requires (!StoreSize || sized_range<R>); template<borrowed_range R> requires convertible-to-non-slicing<iterator_t<R>, I> && convertible_to<sentinel_t<R>, S> constexpr subrange(R&& r, make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t> n) requires (K == subrange_kind::sized) : subrange{ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), n} {} template<different-from<subrange> PairLike> requires pair-like-convertible-from<PairLike, const I&, const S&> constexpr operator PairLike() const; constexpr I begin() const requires copyable; constexpr I begin() requires (!copyable); constexpr S end() const; constexpr bool empty() const; constexpr make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t> size() const requires (K == subrange_kind::sized); constexpr subrange next(iter_difference_t n = 1) const & requires forward_iterator; constexpr subrange next(iter_difference_t n = 1) &&; constexpr subrange prev(iter_difference_t n = 1) const requires bidirectional_iterator; constexpr subrange& advance(iter_difference_t n); }; template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for S> subrange(I, S) -> subrange<I, S>; template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for S> subrange(I, S, make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t>) -> subrange<I, S, subrange_kind::sized>; template<borrowed_range R> subrange(R&&) -> subrange<iterator_t<R>, sentinel_t<R>, (sized_range<R> || sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<R>, iterator_t<R>>) ? subrange_kind::sized : subrange_kind::unsized>; template<borrowed_range R> subrange(R&&, make-unsigned-like-t<range_difference_t<R>>) -> subrange<iterator_t<R>, sentinel_t<R>, subrange_kind::sized>; }

25.5.4.2 Constructors and conversions [range.subrange.ctor]

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constexpr subrange(convertible-to-non-slicing<I> auto i, S s) requires (!StoreSize);

Preconditions: [i, s) is a valid range.

Effects: Initializes begin_ with std::move(i) and end_ with s.

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constexpr subrange(convertible-to-non-slicing<I> auto i, S s,
                   make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>> n)
  requires (K == subrange_kind::sized);

Preconditions: [i, s) is a valid range, and n == to-unsigned-like(ranges::distance(i, s)) is true.

Effects: Initializes begin_ with std::move(i) and end_ with s.

If StoreSize is true, initializes size_ with n.

[Note 1:

Accepting the length of the range and storing it to later return from size() enables subrange to model sized_range even when it stores an iterator and sentinel that do not model sized_sentinel_for .

— end note]

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template<different-from<subrange> R>
  requires borrowed_range<R> &&
           convertible-to-non-slicing<iterator_t<R>, I> &&
           convertible_to<sentinel_t<R>, S>
constexpr subrange(R&& r) requires (!StoreSize || sized_range<R>);

Effects: Equivalent to:

(6.1)
If StoreSize is true, subrange(r, static_cast<decltype(size_)>(ranges::size(r))).
(6.2)
Otherwise, subrange(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r)).

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template<different-from<subrange> PairLike>
  requires pair-like-convertible-from<PairLike, const I&, const S&>
constexpr operator PairLike() const;

Effects: Equivalent to: return PairLike(begin_, end_);

25.5.4.3 Accessors [range.subrange.access]

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constexpr I begin() const requires copyable<I>;

Effects: Equivalent to: return begin_;

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constexpr I begin() requires (!copyable<I>);

Effects: Equivalent to: return std::move(begin_);

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constexpr S end() const;

Effects: Equivalent to: return end_;

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constexpr bool empty() const;

Effects: Equivalent to: return begin_ == end_;

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constexpr make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>> size() const
  requires (K == subrange_kind::sized);

Effects:

(5.1)
If StoreSize is true, equivalent to: return size_;
(5.2)
Otherwise, equivalent to: return to-unsigned-like(end_ - begin_);

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constexpr subrange next(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) const &
  requires forward_iterator<I>;

Effects: Equivalent to: auto tmp = *this; tmp.advance(n); return tmp;

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constexpr subrange next(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) &&;

Effects: Equivalent to: advance(n); return std::move(*this);

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constexpr subrange prev(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) const
  requires bidirectional_iterator<I>;

Effects: Equivalent to: auto tmp = *this; tmp.advance(-n); return tmp;

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constexpr subrange& advance(iter_difference_t<I> n);

Effects: Equivalent to: if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator) { if (n < 0) { ranges::advance(begin_, n); if constexpr (StoreSize) size_ += to-unsigned-like(-n); return *this; } } auto d = n - ranges::advance(begin_, n, end_); if constexpr (StoreSize) size_ -= to-unsigned-like(d); return *this;

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template<size_t N, class I, class S, subrange_kind K>
  requires ((N == 0 && copyable<I>) || N == 1)
  constexpr auto get(const subrange<I, S, K>& r);
template<size_t N, class I, class S, subrange_kind K>
  requires (N < 2)
  constexpr auto get(subrange<I, S, K>&& r);

Effects: Equivalent to: if constexpr (N == 0) return r.begin(); else return r.end();

25.5.5 Dangling iterator handling [range.dangling]

The type dangling is used together with the template aliases borrowed_iterator_t and borrowed_subrange_t.

When an algorithm that typically returns an iterator into, or a subrange of, a range argument is called with an rvalue range argument that does not model borrowed_range ([range.range]), the return value possibly refers to a range whose lifetime has ended.

In such cases, the type dangling is returned instead of an iterator or subrange.

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namespace std::ranges { struct dangling { constexpr dangling() noexcept = default; constexpr dangling(auto&&...) noexcept {} }; }

[Example 1: vector<int> f(); auto result1 = ranges::find(f(), 42); // #1 static_assert(same_as<decltype(result1), ranges::dangling>); auto vec = f(); auto result2 = ranges::find(vec, 42); // #2 static_assert(same_as<decltype(result2), vector<int>::iterator>); auto result3 = ranges::find(ranges::subrange{vec}, 42); // #3 static_assert(same_as<decltype(result3), vector<int>::iterator>);

The call to ranges::find at #1 returns ranges::dangling since f() is an rvalue vector; it is possible for the vector to be destroyed before a returned iterator is dereferenced.

However, the calls at #2 and #3 both return iterators since the lvalue vec and specializations of subrange model borrowed_range .

— end example]

For a type R that models range:

(3.1)
if R models borrowed_range, then borrowed_iterator_t<R> denotes iterator_t<R>, and borrowed_subrange_t<R> denotes subrange<iterator_t<R>>;
(3.2)
otherwise, both borrowed_iterator_t<R> and borrowed_subrange_t<R> denote dangling.

25.5.6 Class template elements_of [range.elementsof]

Specializations of elements_of encapsulate a range and act as a tag in overload sets to disambiguate when a range should be treated as a sequence rather than a single value.

[Example 1: template<bool YieldElements> generator<any> f(ranges::input_range auto&& r) { if constexpr (YieldElements) co_yield ranges::elements_of(r); // yield each element of r else co_yield r; // yield r as a single value } — end example]

namespace std::ranges { template<range R, class Allocator = allocator<byte>> struct elements_of { [[no_unique_address]] R range; [[no_unique_address]] Allocator allocator = Allocator(); }; template<class R, class Allocator = allocator<byte>> elements_of(R&&, Allocator = Allocator()) -> elements_of<R&&, Allocator>; }

25.5.7 Range conversions [range.utility.conv]

25.5.7.1 General [range.utility.conv.general]

The range conversion functions construct an object (usually a container) from a range, by using a constructor taking a range, a from_range_t tagged constructor, or a constructor taking a pair of iterators, or by inserting each element of the range into the default-constructed object.

ranges::to is applied recursively, allowing the conversion of a range of ranges.

[Example 1: string_view str = "the quick brown fox"; auto words = views::split(str, ' ') | to<vector<string>>(); // words is vector<string>{"the", "quick", "brown", "fox"} — end example]

Let reservable-container be defined as follows: template<class Container> constexpr bool reservable-container = // exposition only sized_range<Container> && requires(Container& c, range_size_t<Container> n) { c.reserve(n); { c.capacity() } -> same_as<decltype(n)>; { c.max_size() } -> same_as<decltype(n)>; };

Let container-appendable be defined as follows: template<class Container, class Ref> constexpr bool container-appendable = // exposition only requires(Container& c, Ref&& ref) { requires (requires { c.emplace_back(std::forward<Ref>(ref)); } || requires { c.push_back(std::forward<Ref>(ref)); } || requires { c.emplace(c.end(), std::forward<Ref>(ref)); } || requires { c.insert(c.end(), std::forward<Ref>(ref)); }); };

Let container-append be defined as follows: template<class Container> constexpr auto container-append(Container& c) { // exposition only return [&c]<class Ref>(Ref&& ref) { if constexpr (requires { c.emplace_back(declval<Ref>()); }) c.emplace_back(std::forward<Ref>(ref)); else if constexpr (requires { c.push_back(declval<Ref>()); }) c.push_back(std::forward<Ref>(ref)); else if constexpr (requires { c.emplace(c.end(), declval<Ref>()); }) c.emplace(c.end(), std::forward<Ref>(ref)); else c.insert(c.end(), std::forward<Ref>(ref)); }; }

25.5.7.2 ranges::to [range.utility.conv.to]

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template<class C, input_range R, class... Args> requires (!view<C>)
  constexpr C to(R&& r, Args&&... args);

Mandates: C is a cv-unqualified class type.

Returns: An object of type C constructed from the elements of r in the following manner:

(2.1)
If C does not satisfy input_range or convertible_to<range_reference_t<R>, range_value_t<C>> is true:
- (2.1.1)
 If constructible_from<C, R, Args...> is true: C(std::forward<R>(r), std::forward<Args>(args)...)
- (2.1.2)
 Otherwise, if constructible_from<C, from_range_t, R, Args...> is true: C(from_range, std::forward<R>(r), std::forward<Args>(args)...)
- (2.1.3)
 Otherwise, if
 - (2.1.3.1)
 common_range<R> is true,
 - (2.1.3.2)
 the qualified-id iterator_traits<iterator_t<R>>::iterator_category is valid and denotes a type that models derived_from<input_iterator_tag>, and
 - (2.1.3.3)
 constructible_from<C, iterator_t<R>, sentinel_t<R>, Args...> is true:
 C(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), std::forward<Args>(args)...)
- (2.1.4)
 Otherwise, if
 - (2.1.4.1)
 constructible_from<C, Args...> is true, and
 - (2.1.4.2)
 container-appendable<C, range_reference_t<R>> is true:
 C c(std::forward<Args>(args)...); if constexpr (sized_range<R> && reservable-container<C>) c.reserve(static_cast<range_size_t<C>>(ranges::size(r))); ranges::for_each(r, container-append(c));
- (2.1.5)
 Otherwise, the program is ill-formed.
(2.2)
Otherwise, if input_range<range_reference_t<R>> is true: to<C>(ref_view(r) | views::transform([](auto&& elem) { return to<range_value_t<C>>(std::forward<decltype(elem)>(elem)); }), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
(2.3)
Otherwise, the program is ill-formed.

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template<template<class...> class C, input_range R, class... Args>
  constexpr auto to(R&& r, Args&&... args);

Let input-iterator be an exposition-only type: struct input-iterator { // exposition only using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag; using value_type = range_value_t<R>; using difference_type = ptrdiff_t; using pointer = add_pointer_t<range_reference_t<R>>; using reference = range_reference_t<R>; reference operator*() const; pointer operator->() const; input-iterator& operator++(); input-iterator operator++(int); bool operator==(const input-iterator&) const; };